ALR Student’s Corner: North Carolina Trial Judges’ Bench Book

Do you need information regarding divorce or simple assault in North Carolina?  Need annotations to case law regarding a violation of a 50B order or defrauding an innkeeper?  Before you Google it or browse the North Carolina General Statutes, try looking first at the North Carolina Trial Judges’ Bench Book.

The Bench Book can be found in the Reference Carolinas section of the Charlotte School of Law Library.  It is contained in two large, white, three-ring binders with dark red lettering on the cover and spine.  The North Carolina Bench Book, as the name suggests, contains information on North Carolina law.  Volume one contains information on family law, and volume two contains information on judicial powers, duties, and conduct; criminal law and procedure; and civil trial and procedure.  The table of contents in each volume is specific to that volume, but also contains a basic outline of the other volume.  Each is broken down into chapters or subtopics of the main subject.  For example, the family law volume contains chapters on divorce, child custody, alimony, and equitable distribution.  Each chapter is also divided into sections which can be found in the table of contents at the beginning of each chapter. For example, the chapter on child custody is divided into sections such as venue, jurisdiction, and the definition of custody.  There is also an index at the end of each chapter and common forms which can be copied and filled out.  I feel the sections are efficiently organized because a researcher can identify a main issue and then navigate through its respective sections and subsections in a very precise manner.

The School of Government at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill publishes the Bench Book.  The School also publishes the North Carolina Crimes book, which our library also has.  The information contained in the Bench Book is updated on a rotating basis as needed.  The Library’s copy is from 2011.  In volume one, all the chapters but domestic violence and termination of parental rights were updated in the 2012 online version (available at http://www.sog.unc.edu).  Volume two is updated entirely through the 2011 print version.

Here is an example of how to use the Bench Book.

A client walks into your office and tells you that she is newly divorced and a mother with two young children.  While she and her ex-husband share joint physical custody, he is an alcoholic and, for this reason, she wants to be in control of major decisions affecting the kids.  After taking down some basic information, you assure her that you will research her situation and be in touch.  After she leaves, you decide to consult a copy of the Bench Book that you received as a gift for passing the bar.

The first step is to determine what volume applies to the given facts.  Since the situation involves a divorced couple and the major life decisions of two young children, volume one seems appropriate.  Flip to its table of contents and locate the page number for “Chapter 4 – Child Custody” since the client’s issue involves parental control over children.

Each of the Chapters has its own table of contents to help navigate through the various subsections.  For instance, “Chapter 4 – Child Custody” breaks down further into subtopics, like “definition of custody,” where you will find the definitions for both legal and physical custody.

The information here states that case law has held legal custody to include the decision-making process of parents and that a parent may have sole legal custody or joint legal custody.  Based on this information and the client’s request, you determine she is best served by pursuing an order for sole legal custody.  This same information could also have been found by searching the index at the end of the chapter.

The Bench Book is an all-in-one source for case law, statutory law, and forms in North Carolina.  You can find the same basic statutory information online at www.ncleg.net for free.  There is generally no free equivalent for case law materials; however, the law itself can occasionally be found on free legal websites such as http://www.scfamilylaw.com or by using Google Scholar.  The downside to both of these sources is their lack of annotations.  Finally, copies of forms can be found at the Mecklenburg County Self Serve Center or online at www.nccourts.org.

~ David Sherman, Class of 2013 ~

ALR Student’s Corner: Prosser on Torts

We speak often of legal luminaries at Charlotte School of Law.  All of them reside inside our library.  Their works, ideals, thoughts, and aspirations for our profession are all found on the shelves of our library waiting for your approval or disdain.  

One such great thinker is Dean William L. Prosser; his work Prosser on Torts stands high in the world of treatises [W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts (5^th ed. 1984) (call number  KF1250 .P73 1984)].  If you want a complete and thorough understanding of the law of torts and its ramifications on society, pick up this amazing treatise by a true giant in our profession.

Prosser on Torts is laid out in a chapter format, starting with a thorough introduction into the law of torts, winding through the intentional torts, negligence, products liability, privacy, and ending with immunities.   Each of the 25 chapters contains a pithy review of the law accompanied by an often-time acerbic wit.  It is also a fundamental road map to our law and how it was shaped.  Don’t overlook the fact that this book, in earlier editions, contained our nation’s nascent ideas of privacy, well before Griswold and New York Times v. Sullivan.  Chapter 20, Privacy, provides an insightful and thorough examination of an area of law that would not come into fashion until 20 years after Prosser’s death.  Yet, his thoughts and words still led our formation of this emerging body of law.

As Prosser notes in his chapter on Privacy, “(p)rior to the year 1890, no English or American court had ever granted relief expressly based upon the invasion of (privacy).  Id. p. 849.  Prosser forwards his argument for recognition of a “right of privacy” by announcing what is now common knowledge among law students: the elements necessary to prove the four privacy torts.  It is in this treatise that we find our common understanding for the elementary constructs of privacy. “It is clear, however, that there must be something in the nature of prying or intrusion, and that mere noises which disturb a church congregation, or bad manners, harsh names, and insulting gestures in public are not enough.  It is clear also that the intrusion must be something which would be offensive or objectionable to a reasonable person.”  Yes, there he is, the root of our most favored of persons: the reasonable man.  We owe it to Prosser.

If you fail to pick up this treatise, you’ll also miss some great quotes that all your older attorney peers have committed to memory long ago.  “Assault and battery go together like ham and eggs.”  Classic Prosser.  “The thing speaks for itself, (referring to the doctrine of res ipsa) but what the hell is it saying.”  You simply can’t miss out on legal explanations like that.

Prosser on Torts is also a great research tool.   Each topic segment contains a list of Westlaw Reference Tools that can be used to find more authority on a given topic.  Id. at 7.  For instance, the Introduction lists “379k1” (Use and Occupation of Realty) as an example of a Digest Topic and Key Number.   Plugging these into Westlaw Classic or WestlawNext will produce a wealth of additional resources to expand your research.   Accompanying this example in Prosser is the following Terms and Connectors Boolean search string: topic(torts) & reasonabl* unreasonabl* /20 interfer! /20 interest*.  This search in Westlaw Classic returns over 450 federal and state cases and numerous secondary sources in the results.  To narrow these, a researcher merely has to restrict by source or jurisdiction or use the “Locate in Results” feature.

Another time saving research tool found in Prosser is the comprehensive appendix.  Appendix A provides a complete, albeit dated, detailed introduction to Westlaw Classic researching methods for specific torts-related searching.  This is a great resource to perfect Boolean searching.  Id. at 1082.  The Index also provides a useful tool when a general topic search is all that is required.  If you know a general topic, the Index will lead you to a treasure trove of sources within the chapters that will prove to be worthy for even the most stingy of research budgets.

Prosser on Torts proves that blind searching with Google or Bing may be “free and easy” but not necessarily free or easy.  Using a treatise to narrow and target your research will likely produce more relevant and efficient results.  The competitive job market demands that we reduce our hours of research and, at the same time, increase the relevancy of our search results.  Pick up and use Prosser on Torts and you may well be on your way to that sought after title of research guru.

~ Adam Thornton, L ‘14 ~

ALR Student’s Corner: Police Misconduct Law and Litigation

The word “treatise” made me cringe my first semester of law school.  Coming from a business background, I had no idea what a treatise was other than a text recommended by my professor.  After receiving exposure to treatises through a practical exercise, their value as a free research tool became apparent to me.  This post will examine a criminal law treatise and is intended to help illustrate how using a treatise can easily enhance legal research or knowledge of a specific area of law.

Police officers play a prominent role in American society. They help ensure order by enforcing federal, state and local laws.  As a result, police officers are equipped with extreme power, but they pose a threat to society if their power is not restricted and monitored.  The problems created by police misconduct are of particular concern for individuals of a minority race, class or gender, but have the potential to affect any American as a result of a violation of our Constitutional Rights.  For example, the Federal Government’s “War on Drugs” has had a huge impact on civil liberties as police officers and judges have ignored the Bill of Rights to enforce narcotics laws.  The potential dangers of police misconduct are clear, but how is it handled in our judicial system? In order to create a greater understanding of this area of the law, a good starting place is the treatise, Police Misconduct: Law and Litigation (3^rd ed. 2012).

Locating the Treatise

In order to utilize the treatise, you must first physically find it in the library.  The book is located in the Treatise section in the northwest section of the Charlotte Law library.  Once you have identified the call number (KF1307 Av38p) from the Library catalog and located the treatise section of the library, proceed to the Torts / Products Liability shelf.  The book is about three-quarters of the way down the aisle on the left hand side, third shelf from the top.

Contents of the Treatise

Now that you know how to locate the book, we can explore its contents.   The book is contained in a single volume that was initially printed in 1977; two additional editions followed, the most recent in 2012.  The book contains a Table of Contents, Index, Sample Pleadings and Table of Cases which allows for practicing attorneys to quickly locate relevant subject areas.  This book provides an in-depth analysis of each step in the police misconduct proceedings process from actionable conduct to the charge of the jury.  There is discussion of each important litigation step supplemented by relevant case law.

Research Exercise

We now turn our attention to using the treatise as a secondary source.  For this exercise, imagine that you are a summer associate at a Criminal Law firm.  You are asked to take notes in a client consultation.  The client, a 22-year-old female, was Tasered after police responded to a noise complaint at her apartment.  She was charged with aiding and abetting alcohol to minors and resisting arrest.  After the meeting, your task is to find case law discussing the reasonableness of the use of a Taser.  The firm has access to Westlaw, but is charged for each search; so, to minimize costs, you must start your research with secondary sources at the CSL Law Library.  To start your research, you look for “Taser” in the index of Police Misconduct: Law and Litigation.  Unfortunately, the term is not listed in the table of contents (TOC) or the index.  Before turning to a different secondary source, you try “Excessive force” as a search term, and are then directed to various subparts of chapter 2.  Confused about where in chapter 2 to start, you reference the TOC and a section labeled, “Excessive Force and Physical Brutality.”  Having isolated the relevant portion of the book, you flip to the section and find a discussion on the use of Tasers by police officers (p. 115).  This section provides a good starting point for your research because the discussion of the law relating to the use of Tasers is current and, equally important, annotated to key federal authorities that can be used on Westlaw to create a custom digest.

Conclusion

Police Misconduct: Law and Litigation is a good resource for any criminal attorney dealing with police misconduct, because the treatise clearly and logically lays out the entire judicial process related to this kind of litigation.  A notable feature of the treatise that I found very helpful is the sample complaints section located in Appendix B.  However, the authors might have assisted researchers further by providing more charts and checklists throughout the book (like those found in Appendix A).  Charts help engage the reader and highlight key concepts in the text.

In order to supplement the materials in the treatise, a reader should visit The National Police Accountability Project website.  The website is free and updated by an organization of plaintiffs’ attorneys who work on police misconduct cases with the intent to end police abuse.

Citations

Michael Avery et al, Police Misconduct Law and Litigation (West Publ’g, 3^rd ed. 2012)

National Police Accountability Project, http://www.nlg-npap.org

 ~ Brian Dunaway, Class of 2014 ~

HeinOnline for the iPhone

HeinOnline is a free premier online research source and is now available for your iPhone and iPad.  The HeinOnline app allows the user to “view the image-based PDFs, access content by citation, browse by volume, navigate a volume with the electronic table of contents, and use full advanced searching techniques.”

To get started, the user will need a username and password or the user can simply visit a law school campus and touch the “IP Authentication” button, which grants access to the user for 30 days from any location.  After 30 days, the user will need to visit the law school to re-authenticate the IP address to continue access.

This is the home screen that offers the user many different legal journals to choose from, depending on the topic of the research.  In this instance, I am looking for information on secondary copyright infringement.  So, I chose the broad option of Law Journal Library.

In the search box, I typed the search terms “secondary copyright infringement” and was presented with a list of law reviews that offered information on intellectual property and copyright infringement.

I chose “Copyright, Patent & Trademark Law” from the Washington and Lee Law Review.  This screen gives you the option of downloading the information in PDF format…

…or browsing the Table of Contents to pinpoint exactly what it is you are looking for.

I think the app has a lot of information that could potentially help the researcher immensely.  The problem with using an iPhone to search this site is that most of the journal names or titles of law reviews are cut off by the size of the small screen.  This is an irritating feature that is not remedied when you click on the title, as it is still cut off by ellipses on the following screen.

The HeinOnline app may work better on the iPad since it has a bigger screen to fully display journal and law review title names.  I think if you are in a rush and need to use a legal app to quickly find helpful information, I would use a different app.  This one takes too long to navigate and the small screen is an obstacle that is tough to ignore.  I would personally stick with HeinOnline on a computer and find another iPhone app to use for legal research at my fingertips.

~Catherine Chesnut, Class of 2013~

North Carolina General Assembly App Review

The North Carolina General Assembly (NCGA) app appears to be relatively plain and simple.  However, once you navigate through it, you discover that, with few exceptions, it has many of the same functions and features that the NCGA website has to offer.  Then, as you explore even further, you find that the website is much better equipped for researching due to greater efficiency, functionality and overall resourcefulness.

NCGA App Functionality

When you visit the home page of the app, as seen below, you encounter the following sections – Audio, Committee, Calendars, Bills, Members and Statutes.

At first glance, the app appears to not have many of the same options that the website has.  However, once you click on the app’s Audio section, you notice that it offers the same options as the NCGA website’s Audio page (i.e. House Chamber, Senate Chamber, and Finance Committee Room). Also, when you click on the “more…” link, you recognize other options similar to those on the website. However, the app does not offer many of the dropdown options that the website offers. Additionally, the app’s audio link doesn’t offer an option for help with audio problems, whereas the website does, as seen in Picture B.

Picture A (mobile app)

Picture B (website)

The NCGA App Compared to the NCGA main website

The one big drawback of the app is that there is no full text search when searching for Bills – you must search by bill number (i.e. S23).

The website, on the other hand, offers the options “full site search” and “search bill text.”

The app is also missing the following links that provide very helpful information:  About NCGA, Redistricting, Who Represent’s Me?, and the Citizen’s Guide. In each of these sections on the website, there are multiple links that are available, which are also not available on the app.

On another note, it is more efficient to use the NCGA website than to use the app. The smart phone’s screen is limited in size (about 3 inches wide), so it is difficult to read all of the information without having to constantly adjust the screen up/down or left/right to capture everything.  This essentially makes the app more time consuming to use. The larger laptop screen (about 15 inches avg.) makes it easier to read the information; hence, making your research easier and faster.

One positive takeaway about the app is that it is constantly being maintained and updated.

Conclusion

The NCGA website is far better to use than the app, as the website provides more information, is easier to use, has better options for searching, and is more efficient. It’s a no go on the app.

~Jonathan Jones, Class of 2013~

OyezToday

OYEZTODAY at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law offers you the latest information and media on the current business of the Supreme Court of the United States. OYEZTODAY provides: easy-to-grasp abstracts for every case granted review, timely and searchable audio of oral arguments + transcripts, and up-to-date summaries of the Court’s most recent decisions including the Court’s full opinions. You will have access to all this information on your iPhone with the ability to share reactions on Facebook, Twitter, or by email. (Recordings of opinion announcements from the bench will follow when the Court releases these files to the National Archives at the start of the Court’s next Term).  ~www.oyez.org

Available for all iOS and Android Platforms

There are many features that I liked about the Oyez app, the first being that the app is free to download.   Additionally, the case detail does a nice job of synthesizing the issues and lets you know how the Justices voted.  The feature I enjoyed the most is the media component, which provides an audio version of each argument presented before the Court.

In addition to the list of cases provided through the application, there is a tab that provides background information about each Justice.  I personally liked this section because, in many instances, understanding a Justice’s background and philosophies provides you an insight which will allow you to effectively predict how certain justices will rule on specific issues.

 

While there are many features that I really enjoyed about this app, there are some features that I did not like.  The biggest drawback is that the app only goes back to the 2010 term.  Another key component missing from the app is a search function.  A researcher accessing the Oyez site on a laptop can search for specific cases by typing in the case title or case citation.  But with the Oyez app, you have to scroll through each page for a particular case, which can be extremely time consuming and not the most effective search method.

Overall, this app is beneficial in some instances and worth it for every law student to give it a try.  Did I mention it is FREE?!?

~Porcsha Daniels, Class of 2014~

LexisNexis “Get Cases” Application

The first step I took, in test-driving the LexisNexis “Get Cases” Application, was to input my username and password.  After successfully logging on, I input a citation (“18 USC 924”) and clicked “Get a Document” – seeing as how this and Shepardizing were my only two search options.  This search yielded three results, all of which gave direct links to the statute itself.

Using the same citation, I then clicked “Shepardize.”   I was provided with a warning that the citation I provided has received negative treatment and that my search yielded over 20,000 results.  Naturally, I was told to restrict my search.  Although Shepard’s is used as both a finding tool and validation tool, when trying to restrict my search after clicking “Shepardize,” I had a lot of difficulty getting anything back in terms of results.  Ultimately, what I discovered was that this application works best with explicit citations – not necessarily keywords, case names or Boolean searches.

To test this, I input a random case citation (131 F.2d 313) and, from the home-screen, clicked on both “Get a Document” and “Shepardize.”  This time, I received results for both searches.

I found this app’s functionality and usability as a legal research tool to be rather adequate.  Although it has restrictions when it comes to generalized legal research, this app could prove to be essential to any attorney who needs to look up specific information regarding a case and/or statute.  Because this application works best with specific citations, an attorney or other legal professional who needs to quickly reference a specific issue in a case or statute can access that law by using this app.  You are able to instantly review case law – including the rules, the Court’s reasoning, and the legal issues at hand.  In addition, to help evaluate the results you receive, you are then able to use LexisNexis’s Shepard’s system to get information regarding the treatment of a specific case, statute, etc.

In comparing legal research on phones/tablets to “traditional” technologies (i.e. laptops and desktops), I think that we are very lucky to have such amazing portable research tools available to us as legal professionals.  Although this particular application does not provide every tool that would be available to any Lexis subscriber using their laptop, it is only one of many apps out there.  LexisNexis, alone, has several applications (the majority of which are free to download):  Lexis Advance, eBooks from LexisNexis, CourtLink, lexis.com Mobile, LexisNexis Get Cases, LexisNexis Welcome Center, etc.

To summarize, LexisNexis’s Get Cases Application is a great and essential tool for any legal professional to learn how to use.  Not only does it provide someone with a mobile legal research tool, but users are able to access an incredible amount of information that could aid any attorney in an “on the spot” or ambiguous legal question.

~Madeline Gould, Class of 2013~

App – Congress Plus – Powered by THOMAS

This app costs $4.99 and is completely worth it.  Being a broke law student, I might have even paid $10.00 because the searching possibilities of this app are just about limitless.  When you first open the app, you are greeted with a list of all members of congress. This list includes their pictures and state, district and party affiliations. You can search for a member of Congress by name or by state by selecting the option in the top right corner.

I first explored the app to determine just what it had to offer. Honestly, I was shocked at the options and the quick links to important sites. It is almost as if the makers of the app knew just how we law students like things to be quick and easy.  Along the bottom of the opening screen, as shown above, you have options to view Senate members, House members, Legislation, etc..  The app begins to get interesting after you press on the “more” button, found at the far right bottom of the screen.  Although a law student’s primary need will be the legislation option, sometimes you need to play.  If you choose to do so, you will be able to access news, DC job openings, Factcheck.org, News articles from Politico with a search option, open seats in congress, the political composition of each house, and even, donors.

After playing around for about thirty minutes, I decided to conduct a search.  The research topic I conjured up was a topic involving eminent domain.  I was curious as to whether there were any federal repercussions for states that use the power of eminent domain to confiscate land from a private owner to make a public park, and then later decide to close the park and sell that land to an apartment developer.  I tapped the “Legislation” option on the bottom tool bar and was presented with the option to search for legislation by name or phrase, or by entering the bill number. I entered “eminent domain” “public parks” into the search bar.  The results were many bill listings separated into three different categories: (1) “Listing of 4 bills containing all your search words near each other in any order,” (2) “Listing of 76 bills containing all your search words but not near each other,” and (3) “List containing 995 bills containing one or more of your search words.” When I selected the first bill in the search list, a table of contents page appeared with links to each subject.

Also, the app gives you the option to look at a bill summary, explore the sponsors of the bill and information about each member, etc..  I selected the bill summary just to see if I was on the right track, and the CRS Summary paraphrased every relevant section of the bill for a rapid assessment of the bill’s usefulness.  To top it all off, if you press on “Home,” at the top left of the screen, you are taken directly to the THOMAS site.

So, if you feel your search options are limited with the Congress Plus app, you are given the full spectrum of search power through THOMAS.

I truly enjoyed using this app because it ran very smoothly, with no hiccups, and there are no obvious organizational changes to make.  It is worth every penny, especially if you are involved in politics.

~Laura Dean, Class of 2013~

OpenRegs

The OpenRegs App is a limited search tool for federal regulations.  For example, the Internal Revenue Code has its own separate Revenue Regulations that are posted to help a student, attorney or researcher get clarity on a certain topic or code section from the Internal Revenue Code. But, unfortunately, OpenRegs does not let you use the numbers of the regulations to search through all of the ones posted.

The content of the application covers the most recent regulations that each agency has posted, as well as many pending regulations that are still up for commentary. Because there is no ‘general search’ option to this application, you are only permitted to search regulations by agency name or the name of the regulation.  It would be helpful to the researcher to also know the date the regulation was either discussed or finalized, as both of these dates are found within the app.

As a student currently taking Federal Income Tax, I know that the names of particular regulations are less important to the study and practice of tax law than the numbers of the regulations themselves.  For example, we know the general topic or subject matter within the Internal Revenue Code that the regulations fall under, but we learn them by number, not by name.  Additionally, the Court references the regulations by number, not by name. Therefore, this application helps a student or researcher looking for more information on a regulation only if they have the name of that regulation.

Because an attorney practicing in the field will have knowledge about proposed regulations that are being discussed and finalized, this application might be useful to them, not to mention for the reason that the regulations are current.  The application, however, tries to be more student-friendly, as well.  For instance, once you get to a particular agency, the app links you to a Wikipedia article about that agency. As a law student, I would never use Wikipedia as a reliable source, and I find it hard to believe any attorney would rely on Wikipedia either.

The major problem with this app is that the researcher cannot conduct a general search of regulatory information.  There is no searchable database for all regulations that have been passed by certain agencies, only for those regulations that are current.           OpenRegs is unlikely to become a necessary app for an attorney’s “tool box” of legal resources. I would not recommend this app for attorneys, or to students attempting to use it for class research. There are better resources available that provide the proposed regulations and, unlike OpenRegs, permit a search of all regulations finalized under an agency.  In these cases, the attorney will have the opportunity to search the regulations by its number, and not just by name or finalization date, as with OpenRegs.

~ Karen Walker, Class of 2014 ~

DroidLaw aka dLaw

DroidLaw is a great app for a quick reference guide to legal information. It has recently upgraded to dLaw, but both versions are available in app stores. The app comes with the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, Bankruptcy Procedure, Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure and Evidence. In addition to these materials, you can “purchase” the U.S. Constitution, Articles of Confederation, Declaration of Independence, and a Legal Dictionary for free. You can purchase add-ons such as NC General Statutes for $9.99, United States Code for $14.99, CA Penal Code for $1.99, and much more. Though the cost of add-ons may deter some users, it is much cheaper than buying books from Westlaw, Lexis, or some other commercial publisher and is convenient on-the-go. The app is also available on tablets, which are preferable to some users due to SmartPhones’ small screens.

If you open an add-on, you have the option of scrolling through the “table of contents” and narrowing down to your topic, or “filtering” results by keyword search. However, this option is limited to the section you have open. If you are searching for a particular topic, it must be the title of the section or you will not retrieve any results.

When you have a particular section open, you can slide the screen to the next section for easy browsing. You are provided with the option to bookmark, share, save offline, or change the font size. If you choose to bookmark a section, you can save it to a workbook that you create and add a note about the section. There does not appear to be a word limit or character count for the note you add. If you return to the workbook, where you saved the section, you can simply click to review, or hold down to select – this allows you to delete the section or edit your notes.

The app also has an RSS feed that allows you to access legal news and popular law blogs. There is not an option for searching but it can be useful if you want to read current legal news. There is a limited list of popular law blogs but you have the option of adding feeds to the list by naming the feed and including the URL.

Another free app that is comparable to dLaw is SmartLeges. This app is very similar but has the U.S. Code and some state material, specifically California, Florida, Illinois, New York and Texas for free. SmartLeges plans on adding more states, which would make this app preferable to dLaw because there is no cost. Both of these apps are limited but provide you with quick and convenient access to materials. For attorneys who are in the courtroom or on-the-go frequently, both can be useful when you need information the app provides. It would not serve as a replacement for other legal research resources but may be used as a supplement or for quick reference.

~ Teresa McCollum, Class of 2014 ~